Share:


Perception of creative identities by artistic and non-artistic individuals: consequences for management

    Michał Szostak   Affiliation

Abstract

The interdisciplinary research on the perception of creative identities like artists, creators,entrepreneurs, leaders, and managers brings substantial conclusions for understanding the way of thinking, internal features, and motivations of decisions of individuals with and without artistic factor. For this purpose, an international quantitative examination of 160 individuals was undertaken. The research exhibited that individuals with and without artistic identity perceive artists, creators, entrepreneurs, leaders, and managers statistically similar (chi-square test of independence used, p < 0.001). The negative verification of the hypotheses was astonishing and a novelty in the investigated area. The novelty should be seen as an artistic potential existing in each individual. The additional qualitative analysis of the 50 features constituting the investigated identities revealed that individuals with and without artistic identity see particular features of these identities slightly differently (the most important, the least important, and the most equally perceived features were described in detail). The outcomes were discussed with the literature on the subject, confirming most other researchers’ theses and revealing some contradictions and can be used to understand the qualities of artistic identity and the perception of investigated identities by individuals, groups, and societies dominated by persons with and without artistic factors. The applicability of the results is broad, mainly due to the role of artistry in today’s world as potential laying in every individual. Specific triggers should be catalyzed instead of looking for artist-born individuals. The education process of artists should focus on revealing artistic potential underlining the role of inspiration, and discovering the motifs of artistic activity.

Keyword : artist’s identity, artistry, creativeness, creativity, creator’s identity, entrepreneur’s identity, entrepreneurship, leader’s identity, leadership, manager’s identity

How to Cite
Szostak, M. (2023). Perception of creative identities by artistic and non-artistic individuals: consequences for management. Creativity Studies, 16(1), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.3846/cs.2023.15081
Published in Issue
Jan 6, 2023
Abstract Views
863
PDF Downloads
649
Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

References

Adler, N. J. (2006). The arts and leadership: now that we can do anything, what will we do? Academy of Management Learning and Education, 5(4), 486–499. https://doi.org/10.5465/amle.2006.23473209

Alexander, V. D., & Bowler, A. E. (2014). Art at the crossroads: The arts in society and the sociology of art. Poetics, 43, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.poetic.2014.02.003

Alrawadieh, Z., & Alrawadieh, Z. (2018). Exploring entrepreneurship in the sharing accommodation sector: Empirical evidence from a developing country. Tourism Management Perspectives, 28, 179–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2018.09.001

Alsuwaidi, K. A. K. Y., & Omar, A. J. (2020). Structural model of principals’ innovative leadership attributes on managerial creativity. International Journal of Sustainable Construction Engineering and Technology, 11(2), 150–156. https://doi.org/10.30880/ijscet.2020.11.02.017

Antal, A. B., Debucquet, G., & Fremeaux, S. (2016). Addressing identity tensions through paradoxical thinking: Lessons from artistic interventions in organizations. Management International, 21(1), 25–40. https://doi.org/10.7202/1052495ar

Arriagada, A., & Ibáñez, F. (2020). “You need at least one picture daily, if not, you’re dead”: Content creators and platform evolution in the social media ecology. Social Media and Society, 6(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305120944624

Barratt-Pugh, L., Bahn, S., & Gakere, E. (2013). Managers as change agents: Implications for human resource managers engaging with culture change. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 26(4), 748–764. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOCM-Feb-2011-0014

Bass, A. E. (2017). Identity discovery and verification in artist-entrepreneurs: An active learning exercise. Organization Management Journal, 14(2), 90–103. https://doi.org/10.1080/15416518.2017.1322485

Bremmer, M., Heijnen, E., & Kersten, S. (2021). Teacher as conceptual artist. The International Journal of Art and Design Education, 40(1), 82–98. https://doi.org/10.1111/jade.12318

Bulei, I., Mihalcioiu, V., & Tucmeanu, A. (2014). The professional vs. the manager: Identity issues and key features. Valahian Journal of Economic Studies, 5(3), 31–36.

Calseyde, van de Ph. P. F. M., Evans, A. M., & Demerouti, E. (2021). Leader decision speed as a signal of honesty. The Leadership Quarterly, 32(2). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2020.101442

Charteris, J., Smardon, D., & Nelson, E. (2016). Innovative learning environments and discourses of leadership: Is physical change out of step with pedagogical development? Journal of Educational Leadership, Policy and Practice, 31(1/2), 33–47.

Chen, L. (2018). Thinking paradoxically: How and when female narcissistic leaders integrate gender–leader identities. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 46(2), 339–352. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.6910

Cuganesan, S. (2017). Identity paradoxes: How senior managers and employees negotiate similarity and distinctiveness tensions over time. Organization Studies, 38(3–4), 489–511. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840616655482

Dahlsen, J. (2015). An environmental artist and PhD candidate’s observations of globalism’s post GFC aftermath: Is there economic viability, for marginalised artists creating the culture of environmental sustainability? Creative Approaches to Research, 8(1), 97–131.

Davenport, Th. H., & Redman, Th. C. (2020). Digital transformation comes down to talent in 4 key areas. Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/2020/05/digital-transformation-comes-down-to-talent-in-4-key-areas

DeFillippi, R., Grabher, G., & Jones, C. (2007). Introduction to paradoxes of creativity: Managerial and organizational challenges in the cultural economy. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 28(5), 511–521. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.466

Deresiewicz, W. (2015). The death of the artist – and the birth of the creative entrepreuner. The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2015/01/the-death-of-the-artist-and-the-birth-of-the-creative-entrepreneur/383497/

Deresiewicz, W. (2020). The death of the artist: How creators are struggling to survive in the age of billionaires and big tech. Henry Holt and Company.

Dong, X., Liu, Y., Wu, Ch., Lian, Y., & Tang, D. (2019). A double-identity rumor spreading model. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications, 528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2019.121479

Erat, S., Kitapçi, H., & Akçin, K. (2020). Managerial perception and organizational identity: A comparative analysis. Sustainability, 12(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/su12062278

Ete, Z., Sosik, J. J., Cheong, M., Uk Chun, J., Zhu, W., Arenas, F. J., & Scherer, J. A. (2020). Leader honesty/humility and subordinate organizational citizenship behavior: A case of too-much-of-a-good-thing? Journal of Managerial Psychology, 35(5), 391–404. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-10-2019-0557

Ey, L.-A. (2016). Sexualised music media and children’s gender role and self-identity development: A four-phase study. Sex Education, 16(6), 634–648. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681811.2016.1162148

Faran, D., & Wijnhoven, F. (2012). Critical rationalism and the state of unawareness in managers’ theories. Management Learning, 43(5), 495–514. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350507611429910

Fauchart, E., & Gruber, M. (2011). Darwinians, communitarians, and missionaries: The role of founder identity in entrepreneurship. Academy of Management Journal, 54(5), 935–957. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2009.0211

Ferguson, B. (2015). Professional creators unveiled: Screenwriters’ experiences collaborating in motion picture development teams. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B, The Sciences and Engineering, 75(7-B(E)). http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=2015-99020-484&login.asp&site=ehost-live&scope=site

Fillis, I., & Rentschler, R. (2010). The role of creativity in entrepreneurship. Journal of Enterprising Culture, 18(1), 49–81. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218495810000501

Fillis, I., & Rentschler, R. (2005). Using creativity to achieve an entrepreneurial future for arts marketing. Journal of Philanthrophy and Marketing, 10(4), 275–287. https://doi.org/10.1002/nvsm.26

FitzGibbon, A. (2021). Non‐profit theatre managers as multi‐stakeholder managers: The plate‐spinning of accountability. Financial Accountability and Management in Governments, Public Services and Charities, 37(4), 440–459. https://doi.org/10.1111/faam.12284

Frank, B., Enkawa, T., & Schvaneveldt, Sh. J. (2015). The role of individualism vs. collectivism in the formation of repurchase intent: A cross-industry comparison of the effects of cultural and personal values. Journal of Economic Psychology, 51, 261–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2015.08.008

Gaudette, T., Scrivens, R., Davies, G., & Frank, R. (2020). Upvoting extremism: Collective identity formation and the extreme right on Reddit. New Media and Society, 23(12), 3491–3508. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444820958123

Giacomin, O., Guyot, J.-L., Janssen, F., & Lohest, O. (2007). Novice creators: Personal identity and push pull dynamics (Working Paper 07/10). Louvain School of Management. https://dial.uclouvain.be/pr/boreal/object/boreal:18311

Gilchrist, P., Holmes, C., Lee, A., Moore, N., & Ravenscroft, N. (2015). Co-designing non-hierarchical community arts research: The collaborative stories spiral. Qualitative Research Journal, 15(4), 459–471. https://doi.org/10.1108/QRJ-06-2015-0036

Giraud Voss, Z., Cable, D. M., & Voss, G. B. (2006). Organizational identity and firm performance: What happens when leaders disagree about “Who we are?”. Organization Science, 17(6), 741–755. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1060.0218

Gołaszewska, M. (1984). Zarys estetyki. Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe.

Hai Thanh, N., & Van Quang, N. (2019). Ethical leadership in the digital era: Requirements for developing ethical leaderships in Vietnam. The International Journal of Business and Management, 7(7), 174–180. https://doi.org/10.24940/theijbm/2019/v7/i7/BM1907-028

He, K., & Feng, H. (2015). Transcending rationalism and constructivism: Chinese leaders’ operational codes, socialization processes, and multilateralism after the Cold War. European Political Science Review, 7(3), 401–426. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755773914000241

Hermes, J., Koch, K., Bakhuisen, N., & Borghuis, P. (2017). This is my life: The stories of independent workers in the creative industries in the Netherlands. Javnost – The Public, 24(1), 87–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/13183222.2017.1280892

Hirschmann, Th., Hartley, N., & Roth, S. (2020). Can we build resilience by way of creativity? Artistic ventures in a London hospice. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management, 24(2–3), 116–131. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEIM.2020.105779

Hocking, I. (2019). Portrait of an artist as collaborator: An interpretative phenomenological analysis of an artist. Frontiers in Psychology, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00251

Jankurová, A., Ljudvigová, I., & Gubová, K. (2017). Research of the nature of leadership activities. Journal of Scientific Papers: Economics and Sociology, 10(1), 135–151. https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-789X.2017/10-1/10

Johansson Sköldberg, U., Woodilla, J., & Berthoin Antal, A. (2016). Routledge research in creative and cultural industries management. Artistic interventions in organizations: Research, theory and practice. R. Rentschler (Series Ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315743486

Jones, C., & Massa, F. G. (2013). From novel practice to consecrated exemplar: Unity temple as a case of institutional evangelizing. Organization Studies, 34(8), 1099–1136. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840613492073

Kenning, D. (2009). Art relations and the presence of absence. Third Text, 23(4), 435–446. https://doi.org/10.1080/09528820903007727

Kleppe, B. (2017). Theatres as risk societies: Performing artists balancing between artistic and economic risk. Poetics, 64, 53–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.poetic.2017.08.002

Kohail, Y., Saida, Y., Obad, J., & Soulhi, A. (2016). The qualities of a good manager… What does it mean? Lessons learned from the undergraduate business students’ perception in Kingdom of Morocco. International Journal of Business and Management, 11(8), 86–96. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v11n8p86

Koide, N., Kubo, T., Nishida, S., Shibata, T., & Ikeda, K. (2015). Art expertise reduces influence of visual salience on fixation in viewing abstract-paintings. PLoS ONE, 10(2). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0117696

Koponen, T., Honkasalo, M.-L., & Rautava, P. (2018). Cultural plan model: Integrating cultural and creative activities into care units for the elderly. Arts and Health: An International Journal for Research, Policy and Practice, 10(1), 65–71. https://doi.org/10.1080/17533015.2017.1315436

Korte, R. (2018). Identifying as an entrepreneur: A social identity perspective of the entrepreneurial mindset. Advances in Engineering Education. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1199592.pdf

Küçükaslan Ekmekçi, A., Begüm Samur Teraman, S., & Acar, P. (2014). Wisdom and management: A conceptual study on wisdom management. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 150, 1199–1204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.09.135

Lahmiri, S., Bekiros, S., & Bezzina, F. (2020). Multi-fluctuation nonlinear patterns of European financial markets based on adaptive filtering with application to family business, Green, Islamic, common stocks, and comparison with Bitcoin, NASDAQ, and VIX. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications, 538. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2019.122858

Leone, D., & Schiavone, F. (2019). Innovation and knowledge sharing in crowdfunding: How social dynamics affect project success. Technology Analysis and Strategic Management, 31(7), 803–816. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537325.2018.1554858

Lewis, K. V., Ho, M., Harris, C., & Morrison, R. (2016). Becoming an entrepreneur: Opportunities and identity transitions. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 8(2), 98–116. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJGE-02-2015-0006

Lindholm, S. (2015). Creating a “Latino” artist identity in-between Sweden and Latin America: A comparative approach. Kulturstudier, 6(2), 113–135. https://doi.org/10.7146/ks.v6i2.22583

Lorenzo-Romero, C., & Constantinides, E. (2019). On-line crowdsourcing: Motives of customers to participate in online collaborative innovation processes. Sustainability, 11(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/su11123479

Luger, J. D. (2017). But i’m just an artist!? Intersections, identity, meaning, and context. Antipode: A Radical Journal of Geography, 49(5), 1329–1348. https://doi.org/10.1111/anti.12327

Mathias, B. D., & Williams, D. W. (2017). The impact of role identities on entrepreneurs’ evaluation and selection of opportunities. Journal of Management, 43(3), 892–918. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206314544747

Maynard, A. D. (2021). How to succeed as an academic on YouTube. Frontiers in Communication, 5. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomm.2020.572181

McGrath, H., Medlin, Ch. J., & O’Toole, Th. (2019). A process-based model of network capability development by a start-up firm. Industrial Marketing Management, 80, 214–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2017.11.011

Mehta, S., & Valdovinos Kaye, D. B. (2021). Pushing the next level: Investigating digital content creation in India. Television and New Media, 22(4), 360–378. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527476419861698

Mikkelsen, M. F., & Marnewick, C. (2020). Investigation of the institutionalizing responsibility of project managers for project benefits realization. The Journal of Modern Project Management, 7(4), 276–294.

Mochalova, N. Y. (2020). Personal’naya identichnost’ khudozhnika kak usloviya i rezul’tat tvorchestva v iskusstve. Etnicheskaya kul’tura, 2(3), 62–67. https://doi.org/10.31483/r-74987

Nowak, S. (2021). Biblioteka Socjologiczna. Metodologia badań społecznych. Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe.

O’Donnell, A. T., Jetten, J., & Ryan, M. K. (2010). Watching over your own: How surveillance moderates the impact of shared identity on perceptions of leaders and follower behaviour. European Journal of Social Psychology, 40(6), 1046–1061. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.701

Ottery, J. R. (2006). “Who are They and what do they have to do with what I want to be?” The writing of multicultural identity and college success stories for first-year writers. In B. T. Williams (Ed.), Identity papers: Literacy and power in higher education (pp. 122–137). Utah State University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt4cgp83.11

Pascoe, S., Brincat, Sh., & Croucher, A. (2019). The discourses of climate change science: Scientific reporting, climate negotiations and the Case of Papua New Guinea. Global Environmental Change, 54, 78–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2018.11.010

Pinto, M. R., Viola, S., Onesti, A., & Ciampa, F. (2020). Artists residencies, challenges and opportunities for communities’ empowerment and heritage regeneration. Sustainability, 12(22). https://doi.org/10.3390/su12229651

Reysen, S., Katzarska-Miller, I., Plante, C. N., Roberts, Sh. E., Gerbasi, K. C., Brooks, Th. R., & Tague, A. M. (2020). Anime and global citizenship identification. The Phoenix Papers, 4(2), 48–61.

Rikou, E., & Chaviara, I. (2016). “Crisis” as art: Young artists envisage mutating Greece. Visual Anthropology Review, 32(1), 47–60. https://doi.org/10.1111/var.12092

Rueda, D. (2021). Is populism a political strategy? A critique of an enduring approach. Political Studies, 69(2), 167–184. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032321720962355

Saxena, G. (2019). Multidimensional competency construct for social entrepreneurs: A logistic regression approach. Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences, 40(3), 684–688. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kjss.2017.12.013

Schediwy, L., Bhansing, P. V., & Loots, E. (2018). Young musicians’ career identities: Do bohemian and entrepreneurial career identities compete or cohere? Creative Industries Journal, 11(2), 174–196. https://doi.org/10.1080/17510694.2018.1489197

Senior, A., & Kelly, S. (2016). On the dialectics of charisma in Marina Abramović’s The Artist is Present. Performance Research: A Journal of the Performing Arts, 21(3), 74–83. https://doi.org/10.1080/13528165.2016.1176740

Shi, W., Ardelt, M., & Orwoll, L. (2017). Wisdom and creativity as two routes to satisfaction in later life: A personal traits model. Innovation in Aging, 1(S1), 72. https://doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igx004.298

Sims, D. (2003). Between the millstones: A narrative account of the vulnerability of middle managers’ storying. Human Relations, 56(10), 1195–1211. https://doi.org/10.1177/00187267035610002

Steffens, N. K., Haslam, S. A., Peters, K., & Quiggin, J. (2020). Identity economics meets identity leadership: Exploring the consequences of elevated CEO pay. The Leadership Quarterly, 31(3). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2018.10.001

Steffens, N. K., Wolyniec, N., Okimoto, T. G., Mols, F., Haslam, S. A., & Kay, A. A. (2021). Knowing me, knowing us: Personal and collective self-awareness enhances authentic leadership and leader endorsement. The Leadership Quarterly, 32(6). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2021.101498

Sternberg, R. J. (1985). Implicit theories of intelligence, creativity, and wisdom. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49(3), 607–627. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.49.3.607

Sutherland, I. (2013). Arts-based methods in leadership development: Affording aesthetic workspaces, reflexivity and memories with momentum. Management Learning, 44(1), 25–43. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350507612465063

Szostak, M. (2020a). Creativity and artistry in organ music. The Organ, 391, 24–31.

Szostak, M. (2020b). Does creativity influence the perception of creative identities? European Research Studies Journal, 23(4), 312–333. https://doi.org/10.35808/ersj/2444

Szostak, M. (2021a). Does entrepreneurial factor influence creative identities’ perception? Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues, 9(1), 150–175. https://doi.org/10.9770/jesi.2021.9.1(9)

Szostak, M. (2021b). Does Polish post-communist cultural burden influence the perception of creative identities? Journal of Intercultural Management, 13(2), 29–58. https://doi.org/10.2478/joim-2021-0060

Szostak, M. (2021c). Impact of gender differences in perception of creative identities of artist, creator, manager, entrepreneur and leader on sustainability. Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues, 9(2), 10–36. https://doi.org/10.9770/jesi.2021.9.2(1)

Szostak, M. (2021d). Perception of creative identities by leaders and non-leaders: Consequences for theory and practice of management. European Research Studies Journal, 24(4), 211–232. https://doi.org/10.35808/ersj/2573

Szostak, M. (2018). Instrument as a source of inspiration for the performer: On the base of French symphonic order. The Organ, 386, 6–27.

Szostak, M., & Sułkowski, Ł. (2021a). Identity crisis of artists during the Covid-19 pandemic and shift towards entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review, 9(3), 87–102. https://doi.org/10.15678/EBER.2021.090306

Szostak, M., & Sułkowski, Ł. (2021b). The challenges in identification of artists-managers: Consequences for creativity. Creativity Studies, 14(1), 112–124. https://doi.org/10.3846/cs.2021.13822

Szostak, M., & Sułkowski, Ł. (2021c). The identity and self-perception of artists-managers. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 19(1), 372–386. https://doi.org/10.21511/ppm.19(1).2021.32

Szostak, M., & Sulkowski, Ł. (2020a, 1–2 April). Kitsch in management: Characteristic forms, carriers and propagators. In Proceedings of the 35th International Business Information Management Association (IBIMA) Conference. Seville, Spain. https://depot.ceon.pl/bitstream/handle/123456789/19173/Kitsch%20in%20Management%20Characteristic%20Forms%2c%20Carriers%20and%20Propagators%20-%20IBIMA%20-%20M.Szostak%20%26%20Sulkowski.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

Szostak, M., & Sułkowski, Ł. (2020b). Manager as an artist: Creative endeavour in crossing the borders of art and organizational discourse. Creativity Studies, 13(2), 351–368. https://doi.org/10.3846/cs.2020.11373

Syrko, I. (2019). Reception of the personality of Mykhailo Shchepkin in Taras Shevchenko’s Lingual consciousness (On Material of “Shchodennyk”). Culture of the Word, 90, 190–198. https://doi.org/10.37919/0201-419X-2019.90.16

Tatarkiewicz, W. (2015). Historia estetyki. Vol. 1. Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe.

Thompson, G. (2014). Aesthetic action and self-construction of an artist identity: The impact of art and art therapy on subjectivity and mental illness in qualitative research. Saybrook University. Pasadena, California, United States. https://www.academia.edu/11818866/Aesthetic_Action_and_Self-Construction_of_an_Artist_Identity_The_impact_of_Art_and_Art_Therapy_on_Subjectivity_and_Mental_Illness_in_Qualitative_Research

Thornton, A. (2011). Being an artist teacher: A liberating identity? The International Journal of Art and Design Education, 30(1), 31–36. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-8070.2011.01684.x

Tillay, R., & Chapman, C. C. (2019). A new digital method for assessing the diversity of creator identities in the Howard-Tilton memorial library media services DVD collection. Music Reference Services Quarterly, 22(1–2), 57–64. https://doi.org/10.1080/10588167.2019.1601421

Venus, M., Johnson, R. E., Zhang, Sh., Wang, X.-H. (F.), & Lanaj, K. (2019). Seeing the big picture: A within-person examination of leader construal level and vision communication. Journal of Management, 45(7), 2666–2684. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206318761576

Wagner, K. (2020). Random display and recommendations – exploring the web platform of the artist Ivar Arosenius and other digital collections of art. Museum and Society, 18(2), 243–257. https://doi.org/10.29311/mas.v18i2.3252

Watson, T. J. (2000). In search of management: Culture, chaos and control in managerial work. Cengage Learning EMEA.

Watson, T. J. (2009). Narrative, life story and manager identity: A case study in autobiographical identity work. Human Relations, 62(3), 425–452. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726708101044

Williams, S. (2001). Increasing employees’ creativity by training their managers. Industrial and Commercial Training, 33(2), 63–68. https://doi.org/10.1108/00197850110385642

Xue Zheng, M., Yuan, Y., Dijke, van M., Cremer, de D., & Hiel, van A. (2020). The interactive effect of a leader’s sense of uniqueness and sense of belongingness on followers’ perceptions of leader authenticity. Journal of Business Ethics, 164, 515–533. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-018-4070-4

Zhu, W., Trevinõ, L. K., & Zheng, X. (2016). Ethical leaders and their followers: The transmission of moral identity and moral attentiveness. Business Ethics Quarterly, 26(1), 95–115. https://doi.org/10.1017/beq.2016.11