Evaluating the e-permit system in construction using stakeholder analysis and network theory
Abstract
Electronic building permit systems, integral to e-government services, aim to enhance the efficiency and user experience of the permit process. Despite their widespread adoption, these systems often fall short, complicating and delaying the process. The presence of a variety of stakeholders in such permit systems complicates interactions between actors; nevertheless, no research has examined permit systems from a stakeholder analysis approach. This gap is filled by a formal social network analysis that thoroughly investigates interconnected and multi-level governing systems. This study investigates the electronic building permit system’s successes and failures in the construction industry. A mixed-methods approach was used, including interviews with applicants and employees, process mining analysis of event logs from 50 projects, case study observation, and social network analysis. The findings highlight significant barriers: poor communication and coordination among different agency employees, and a lack of adherence to established timeframes. Additionally, the study reveals that these systems are largely automated versions of their traditional counterparts, lacking substantial redesign or restructuring. Consequently, the researchers recommend a thorough re-evaluation and redesign of the electronic building permit system and propose implementing a one-stop-shop platform to facilitate inter-agency collaboration and streamline both internal and external communications and coordination.
Keyword : stakeholder analysis, network theory, electronic permit, building permit, construction industry, e-government
How to Cite
Amer, L., Thneibat, M., Sammour, F., & Lepkova, N. (2025). Evaluating the e-permit system in construction using stakeholder analysis and network theory. Journal of Civil Engineering and Management, 31(3), 224–247. https://doi.org/10.3846/jcem.2025.22253
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Aaltonen, K., Kujala, J., Havela, L., & Savage, G. (2016). Stakeholder dynamics during the project front-end: The case of nuclear waste repository projects. Project Management Journal, 46(6), 15–41. https://doi.org/10.1002/pmj.21549
Abdelaal, F., & Guo, B. H. W. (2022). Stakeholders’ perspectives on BIM and LCA for green buildings. Journal of Building Engineering, 48, Article 103931. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.103931
Adaileh, M., & Alshawawreh, A. (2021). Measuring digital transformation impact in Jordan: A proposed framework. Journal of Innovations in Digital Marketing, 2(1), 14–26. https://doi.org/10.51300/jidm-2021-32
Ahmed, M. (2018). Improvement of construction permit process approval at local government in Malaysia [MSc Thesis]. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.
Agyeman, S., Abeka, H., & Assiamah, S. (2016). Are the challenges in the processing of building permits a precursor for development of illegal structures in Ghana?. US-China Law Review, 13(4). https://doi.org/10.17265/1548-6605/2016.04.003
Al-Hussein, M., Kumar, J., Sharma, V., & Mah, D. (2006). A knowledge-based automated development permit approval process in the housing industry. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 13(3), 290–306. https://doi.org/10.1108/09699980610669705
Al Hattab, M. (2021). The dynamic evolution of synergies between BIM and sustainability: A text mining and network theory approach. Journal of Building Engineering, 37, 102–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102159
Alenazi, E., Adamu, Z., & Al-Otaibi, A. (2022). Exploring the nature and impact of client-related delays on contemporary Saudi construction projects. Buildings, 12(7), Article 880. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12070880
Apostolato, I.-A. (2015). An overview of software applications for social network analysis. International Review of Social Research, 3(3), 71–77. https://doi.org/10.1515/irsr-2013-0023
Ashour, R., Taha, T., Mohamed, F., Hableel, E., Kheil, Y. A., Elsalamouny, M., Kadadha, M., Rangan, K., Dias, J., Seneviratne, L., & Cai, G. (2016). Site inspection drone: A solution for inspecting and regulating construction sites. In 2016 IEEE 59th International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems (MWSCAS), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. https://doi.org/10.1109/MWSCAS.2016.7870116
Bellos, C. V., Petroutsatou, K., & Anthopoulos, L. (2015). Electronic building permission system: The case of Greece. Procedia Engineering, 123, 50–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.10.056
Bendtsen, E. B., Clausen, L. P. W., & Hansen, S. F. (2021). A review of the state-of-the-art for stakeholder analysis with regard to environmental management and regulation. Journal of Environmental Management, 279, Article 111773. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111773
Berscheid, E., Baron, R. S., Dermer, M., & Libman, M. (1973). Anticipating informed consent: an empirical approach. The American Psychologist, 28(10), 913–925. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0035597
Bourne, L. (2016). Stakeholder relationship management: A maturity model for organisational implementation. Taylor and Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315610573
Bourne, L., & Walker, D. H. T. (2005). Visualising and mapping stakeholder influence. Management Decision, 43(5), 649–660. https://doi.org/10.1108/00251740510597680
Brugha, R., & Varvasovszky, Z. (2000). Stakeholder analysis: A review. Health Policy Plan, 15(3), 239–246. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/15.3.239
Carlander, J., & Thollander, P. (2022). Drivers for implementation of energy-efficient technologies in building construction projects – Results from a Swedish case study. Resources, Environment and Sustainability, 10, Article 100078. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resenv.2022.100078
Celoza, A., de Oliveira, D. P., & Leite, F. (2023). Role of BIM contract practices in stakeholder BIM implementation on AEC projects. Journal of Legal Affairs and Dispute Resolution in Engineering and Construction, 15(2), Article 04523002. https://doi.org/10.1061/JLADAH.LADR-916
Chakaroun, K., Onofri, L., Orellana, E., Srinivasan, J., & Umarov, F. (2020). Doing business case studies. World Bank Group, Global Knowledge and Research Hub.
Chelladurai, U., & Pandian, S. (2022). A novel blockchain based electronic health record automation system for healthcare. Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing, 13(1), 693–703. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12652-021-03163-3
Chinowsky, P., & Taylor, J. E. (2012). Networks in engineering: anemerging approach to project organization studies. Engineering Project Organization Journal, 2(1–2), 15–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/21573727.2011.635647
Chinowsky, P., Diekmann, J., & Galotti, V. (2008). Social network model of construction. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 134(10), 804–812. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9364(2008)134:10(804)
Chognard, S., Dubois, A., Benmansour, Y., Torri, E., & Domer, B. (2018). Digital construction permit: A round trip between GIS and IFC. In I. Smith, & B. Domer (Eds.), Lecture notes in computer science: Vol. 10864. Advanced computing strategies for engineering. EG-ICE 2018 (pp. 287–306). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91638-5_16
D’Angelo, L., Hajdukiewicz, M., Seri, F., & Keane, M. M. (2022). A novel BIM-based process workflow for building retrofit. Journal of Building Engineering, 50, Article 104163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2022.104163
Demirciefe, A. (2009). Delays in issuing of building permit and occupancy permit: An analysis of causes and duration. http://openaccess.iyte.edu.tr/xmlui/handle/11147/3800
Duong, L., & Amborski, D. (2017). Modernizing building approvals in Ontario: Catching up with advanced jurisdictions. https://www.torontomu.ca/content/dam/centre-urban-research-land-development/pdfs/RESCON/CUR_RESCON_Modernizing%20Building%20Approvals%20in%20Ontario%20Report_2017.07.05.pdf
Eskerod, P., Huemann, M., & Ringhofer, C. (2016). Stakeholder inclusiveness: Enriching project management with general stakeholder theory. Project Management Journal, 46(6), 42–53. https://doi.org/10.1002/pmj.21546
Fluxicon. (2018). Discover your processes. http://fluxicon.com/disco/
Freudenreich, B., Lüdeke-Freund, F., & Schaltegger, S. (2020). A stakeholder theory perspective on business models: Value creation for sustainability. Journal of Business Ethics, 166(1), 3–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-019-04112-z
Gete, P. (2014). Dealing with construction permits, interest rate shocks and macroeconomic dynamics. In Proceedings from Doing Business (DB) Conference.
Golbeck, J. (2013). Closeness centrality social network analysis: Measuring, mapping, and modeling collections of connections.
Golias, E., Zapris, A. G., Kytinou, V. K., Osman, M., Koumtzis, M., Siapera, D., Chalioris, C. E., & Karayannis, C. G. (2021). Application of x-shaped cfrp ropes for structural upgrading of reinforced concrete beam–column joints under cyclic loading–experimental study. Fibers, 9(7), Article 42. https://doi.org/10.3390/fib9070042
Govada, S. S., Lau, H., & Kotala, S. (2022). Towards a smart megacity: Hong Kong and Shenzhen. In T. M. Vinod Kumar (Ed.), Smart global megacities. Advances in 21st Century human settlements (pp. 317–380). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2019-5_8
Grimble, R., & Wellard, K. (1997). Stakeholder methodologies in natural resource management: A review of principles, contexts, experiences and opportunities. Agricultural Systems, 55(2), 173–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-521X(97)00006-1
Guan, C., Dong, D., Shen, F., Gao, X., & Chen, L. (2022). Hierarchical structure model of safety risk factors in new coastal towns: A systematic analysis using the DEMATEL-ISM-SNA method. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(17), Article 10496. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710496
Guler, D., & Yomralioglu, T. (2021). A reformative framework for processes from building permit issuing to property ownership in Turkey. Land Use Policy, 101, Article 105115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.105115
Haarich, S. N. (2018). Building a new tool to evaluate networks and multi-stakeholder governance systems. Evaluation, 24(2), 202–219. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356389018765797
Hallward-Driemeier, M., & Pritchett, L. (2015). How business is done in the developing world: Deals versus rules. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 29(3), 121–140. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.29.3.121
Hamad, A. A. A., Petri, I., Rezgui, Y., & Kwan, A. (2017). Towards the innovation of an integrated ‘One-Stop-Shop’ online services utility management: Exploring customer’ technology acceptance. Sustainable Cities and Society, 34, 126–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2017.06.019
Hammah, N. K., & Ibrahim, R. (2014). Analyzing the effect of building permit issuance on the housing delivery system in Ghana. Alam Cipta, 7(1), 79–88. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2015.1060730
Holme, P. (2019). Rare and everywhere: Perspectives on scale-free networks. Nature Communications, 10(1), Article 1016. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-09038-8
Hoyer, W. D., Kroschke, M., Schmitt, B., Kraume, K., & Shankar, V. (2020). Transforming the customer experience through new technologies. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 51, 57–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intmar.2020.04.001
Hwang, K. E., & Kim, I. (2022). Post-COVID-19 modular building review on problem-seeking framework: Function, form, economy, and time. Journal of Computational Design and Engineering, 9(4), 1369–1387. https://doi.org/10.1093/jcde/qwac057
Ismail, I., Khan, A., Waris, M., Haron, H., & Simamora, B. H. (2021). Exploring the role of project governance and stakeholder management in public sector infrastructure projects. International Journal of Organizational Business Excellence, 2(1), Article 04020112. https://doi.org/10.21512/ijobex.v2i1.7141
Jovanović, T., Aristovnik, A., & Rogić Lugarić, T. (2016). A comparative analysis of building permits procedures in Slovenia and Croatia: Development of a simplification model. Theoretical and Empirical Researches in Urban Management, 11(2), 5–23.
Jussila, J., & Lähtinen, K. (2020). Effects of institutional practices on delays in construction–views of Finnish homebuilder families. Housing Studies, 35(7), 1167–1193. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673037.2019.1651831
Kas, M., Carley, K. M., & Carley, L. R. (2013). Incremental closeness centrality for dynamically changing social networks. In Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining (ASONAM) (pp. 1250–1258), Niagara Falls, ON, Canada. https://doi.org/10.1145/2492517.2500270
Kim, J., & Hastak, M. (2018). Social network analysis: Characteristics of online social networks after a disaster. International Journal of Information Management, 38(1), 86–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2017.08.003
Kourtellis, N., Alahakoon, T., Simha, R., Iamnitchi, A., & Tripathi, R. (2013). Identifying high betweenness centrality nodes in large social networks. Social Network Analysis and Mining, 3(4), 899–914. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13278-012-0076-6
Leavitt, H. J., & Bass, B. M. (1964). Organizational psychology. Annual Review of Psychology, 15(1), 371–398. https://doi.org/10.1146/ANNUREV.PS.15.020164.002103
Lee, H., Lee, J. K., Park, S., & Kim, I. (2016). Translating building legislation into a computer-executable format for evaluating building permit requirements. Automation in Construction, 71, 49–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2016.04.008
Lienert, J., Schnetzer, F., & Ingold, K. (2013). Stakeholder analysis combined with social network analysis provides fine-grained insights into water infrastructure planning processes. Journal of Environmental Management, 125, 134–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.03.052
Lionardo, A., Kurniawan, R., & Umanailo, M. C. B. (2020). An effectiveness model of service policy of building permit (IMB) based on a green spatial environment in Palembang City. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management (pp. 2588–2596), Dubai, UAE.
Liu, W., Sidhu, A., Beacom, A. M., & Valente, T. W. (2017). Social network theory. In The international encyclopedia of media effects. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118783764.wbieme0092
Lundberg, G. A., & Moreno, J. L. (1937). Who shall survive? A new approach to the problem of human interrelations. American Sociological Review, 2(4), 542–544. https://doi.org/10.2307/2084777
Majuri, P., Kumpula, A., & Vuorisalo, T. (2020). Geoenergy permit practices in Finnish municipalities – Challenges with good governance. Energy Strategy Reviews, 32, Article 100537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2020.100537
Mandi, N. B. R., Adnyana, I. B. P., & Gunapatniyatsunu, I. P. E. (2019). Factors affecting the success of the building permit licensing service in Denpasar City, Bali Province. International Journal of Technology, 10(1), 94–104. https://doi.org/10.14716/ijtech.v10i1.1543
Mapila, S. (2021). The costs andbenefits of interventions to increase compliance with the construction permits process in Malawi: Ensuring the benefits of urbanization. African Institute for Development Policy (AFIDEP).
Martin, N., Janssenswillen, G., Jouck, T., Swennen, M., Hosseinpour, M., & Masoumigoudarzi, F. (2015). An exploration and analysis of the building permit application process in five dutch municipalities. https://documentserver.uhasselt.be//handle/1942/19119
Meijer, F. (2005). Online building permit procedures in the Netherlands: A European perspective. In 4th Triennial International Conference “Rethinking and Revitalizing Construction Safety, Health, Environment and Quality” (pp. 122–134), Port Elizabeth, South Africa.
Meex, E., Hollberg, A., Knapen, E., Hildebrand, L., & Verbeeck, G. (2018). Requirements for applying LCA-based environmental impact assessment tools in the early stages of building design. Building and Environment, 133, 228–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.02.016
Miles, S. (2017). Stakeholder theory classification: A theoretical and empirical evaluation of definitions. Journal of Business Ethics, 142(3), 437–459. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2741-y
Ministry of Digital Economy and Entrepreneurship. (2021). Jordan digital transformation strategy 2021–2025. https://www.modee.gov.jo/EBV4.0/Root_Storage/EN/1/Jordan_Digital_Transformation_Strategy_2020_English_Unofficial_Translation.pdf
Mok, K. Y., Shen, G. Q., & Yang, J. (2015). Stakeholder management studies in mega construction projects: A review and future directions. International Journal of Project Management, 33(2), 446–457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2014.08.007
Mok, M. K. Y., & Shen, G. Q. (2016). A network-theory based model for stakeholder analysis in major construction projects. Procedia Engineering, 164, 292–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.11.622
Natsir, S., & Mangngasing, N. (2020). Implementation of the building permit policy in terms of communication and resources aspects in Palu city. International Journal Papier PublicReview, 1(2), 26–34. https://doi.org/10.47667/ijppr.v1i2.30
Nawari, N. O., & Alsaffar, A. (2017). The role of BIM in simplifying construction permits in Kuwait. In AEI 2017: Resilience of the Integrated Building – Proceedings of the Architectural Engineering National Conference 2017 (pp. 855–866). https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784480502.072
Newman, M. (2018). Networks (2 ed., Vol. 1). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805090.001.0001
Noardo, F., Ellul, C., Harrie, L., Overland, I., Shariat, M., Arroyo Ohori, K., & Stoter, J. (2020a). Opportunities and challenges for GeoBIM in Europe: Developing a building permits use-case to raise awareness and examine technical interoperability challenges. Journal of Spatial Science, 65(2), 209–233. https://doi.org/10.1080/14498596.2019.1627253
Noardo, F., Wu, T., Arroyo Ohori, K., Krijnen, T., Tezerdi, H., & Stoter, J. (2020b). Geobim for digital building permit process: Learning from a case study in Rotterdam. ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 6(4/W1), 151–158. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-VI-4-W1-2020-151-2020
Noardo, F., Guler, D., Fauth, J., Malacarne, G., Mastrolembo Ventura, S., Azenha, M., Olsson, P. O., & Senger, L. (2022). Unveiling the actual progress of Digital Building Permit: Getting awareness through a critical state of the art review. Building and Environment, 213, Article 108854. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.108854
Olander, S., & Landin, A. (2008). A comparative study of factors affecting the external stakeholder management process. Construction Management and Economics, 26(6), 553–561. https://doi.org/10.1080/01446190701821810
Olsson, P., Axelsson, J., Hooper, M., & Harrie, L. (2018). Automation of building permission by integration of BIM and geospatial data. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 7(8), Article 307. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi7080307
Ottoum, I. S. I. (2011). E-Government – The Jordanian experience.
Parand, F. A., Rahimi, H., & Gorzin, M. (2016). Combining fuzzy logic and eigenvector centrality measure in social network analysis. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications, 459, 24–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2016.03.079
Pedro, J. B., Meijer, F., & Visscher, H. (2011). Comparison of building permit procedures in European in European Union countries. In COBRA 2011 Proceedings of RICS Construction and Property Conference (415–436), University of Salford, UK.
Plazza, D., Röck, M., Malacarne, G., Passer, A., Marcher, C., & Matt, D. T. (2019). BIM for public authorities: Basic research for the standardized implementation of BIM in the building permit process. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 323(1), Article 012102. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/323/1/012102
Prell, C., Hesed, C. D. M., Johnson, K., Paolisso, M., Teodoro, J. D., & Van Dolah, E. (2021). Transdisciplinarity and shifting network boundaries: The challenges of studying an evolving stakeholder network in participatory settings. Field Methods, 33(4), 405–416. https://doi.org/10.1177/1525822X20983984
Radziszewska-Zielina, E., Śladowski, G., Kania, E., Sroka, B., & Szewczyk, B. (2019). Managing information flow in self-organising networks of communication between construction project participants. Archives of Civil Engineering, 65(2), 133–148. https://doi.org/10.2478/ace-2019-0024
Rakha, T., & Gorodetsky, A. (2018). Review of Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) applications in the built environment: Towards automated building inspection procedures using drones. Automation in Construction, 93, 252–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2018.05.002
Russell, N. C. (2007). Foundations of process-aware information systems [Phd thesis]. Queensland University of Technology.
Sacks, R., Brilakis, I., Pikas, E., Xie, H. S., & Girolami, M. (2020). Construction with digital twin information systems. Data-Centric Engineering, 1(6), Article e14. https://doi.org/10.1017/dce.2020.16
Safapour, E., Kermanshachi, S., & Kamalirad, S. (2020). Analysis of effective project-based communication components within primary stakeholders in construction industry. Built Environment Project and Asset Management, 11(2), 157–173. https://doi.org/10.1108/BEPAM-02-2020-0026
Sami Ur Rehman, M., Shafiq, M. T., & Afzal, M. (2022). Impact of COVID-19 on project performance in the UAE construction industry. Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology, 20(1), 245–266. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEDT-12-2020-0481
Shahi, K. (2018). Evaluation of current construction permitting process in City of Toronto and future of permitting in the global construction industry [MSc thesis]. University of Teronto. https://hdl.handle.net/1807/89527
Shahi, K., McCabe, B. Y., & Shahi, A. (2019). Framework for automated model-based e-permitting system for municipal jurisdictions. Journal of Management in Engineering, 35(6), Article 04019025. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)me.1943-5479.0000712
Shenhar, A. J., Dvir, D., Levy, O., & Maltz, A. C. (2001). Project success: A multidimensional strategic concept. Long Range Planning, 34(6), 699–725. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-6301(01)00097-8
Shibani, A., Hasan, D., Saaifan, J., Sabboubeh, H., Eltaip, M., Saidani, M., & Gherbal, N. (2022). Financial risk management in the construction projects. Journal of King Saud University – Engineering Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksues.2022.05.001
Srdić, A., & Šelih, J. (2015). Delays in construction projects: Causes and mitigation. Organization, Technology & Management in Construction: An International Journal, 7(3), 1383–1389. https://doi.org/10.5592/otmcj.2015.3.5
Tasantab, J. C. (2016). Building permit as a tool for development control: Evidence from Sekondi-Takoradi. Journal of Environment and Earth Science, 6(11), 149–159.
The World Bank Group. (2019). Doing business 2019. Training for reform. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1326-9
Ullah, K., Witt, E., & Lill, I. (2022). The BIM-based building permit process: Factors affecting adoption. Buildings, 12(1), Article 45. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12010045
Van Der Aalst, W. M. P., Reijers, H. A., & Song, M. (2005). Discovering social networks from event logs. Computer Supported Cooperative Work, 14(6), 549–593. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10606-005-9005-9
Vindrola-Padros, C., Chisnall, G., Cooper, S., Dowrick, A., Djellouli, N., Symmons, S. M., Martin, S., Singleton, G., Vanderslott, S., Vera, N., & Johnson, G. A. (2020). Carrying out rapid qualitative research during a pandemic: Emerging lessons from COVID-19. Qualitative Health Research, 30(14), 2192–2204. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732320951526
Weingarth, J., Hagenschulte, J., Schmidt, N., & Balser, M. (2019). Building a digitally enabled future: An insurance industry case study on digitalization. In N. Urbach, & M. Röglinger (Eds), Digitalization cases. Management for professionals (pp. 249–269). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95273-4_13
Whitelaw, S., Mamas, M. A., Topol, E., & Van Spall, H. G. C. (2020). Applications of digital technology in COVID-19 pandemic planning and response. The Lancet Digital Health, 2(8), e435–e440. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2589-7500(20)30142-4
Zhang, J., & Luo, Y. (2017). Degree centrality, betweenness centrality, and closeness centrality in social network. In Proceedings of the 2017 2nd International Conference on Modelling, Simulation and Applied Mathematics (MSAM2017) (pp. 300–303). Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/msam-17.2017.68
Abdelaal, F., & Guo, B. H. W. (2022). Stakeholders’ perspectives on BIM and LCA for green buildings. Journal of Building Engineering, 48, Article 103931. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.103931
Adaileh, M., & Alshawawreh, A. (2021). Measuring digital transformation impact in Jordan: A proposed framework. Journal of Innovations in Digital Marketing, 2(1), 14–26. https://doi.org/10.51300/jidm-2021-32
Ahmed, M. (2018). Improvement of construction permit process approval at local government in Malaysia [MSc Thesis]. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.
Agyeman, S., Abeka, H., & Assiamah, S. (2016). Are the challenges in the processing of building permits a precursor for development of illegal structures in Ghana?. US-China Law Review, 13(4). https://doi.org/10.17265/1548-6605/2016.04.003
Al-Hussein, M., Kumar, J., Sharma, V., & Mah, D. (2006). A knowledge-based automated development permit approval process in the housing industry. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 13(3), 290–306. https://doi.org/10.1108/09699980610669705
Al Hattab, M. (2021). The dynamic evolution of synergies between BIM and sustainability: A text mining and network theory approach. Journal of Building Engineering, 37, 102–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102159
Alenazi, E., Adamu, Z., & Al-Otaibi, A. (2022). Exploring the nature and impact of client-related delays on contemporary Saudi construction projects. Buildings, 12(7), Article 880. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12070880
Apostolato, I.-A. (2015). An overview of software applications for social network analysis. International Review of Social Research, 3(3), 71–77. https://doi.org/10.1515/irsr-2013-0023
Ashour, R., Taha, T., Mohamed, F., Hableel, E., Kheil, Y. A., Elsalamouny, M., Kadadha, M., Rangan, K., Dias, J., Seneviratne, L., & Cai, G. (2016). Site inspection drone: A solution for inspecting and regulating construction sites. In 2016 IEEE 59th International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems (MWSCAS), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. https://doi.org/10.1109/MWSCAS.2016.7870116
Bellos, C. V., Petroutsatou, K., & Anthopoulos, L. (2015). Electronic building permission system: The case of Greece. Procedia Engineering, 123, 50–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.10.056
Bendtsen, E. B., Clausen, L. P. W., & Hansen, S. F. (2021). A review of the state-of-the-art for stakeholder analysis with regard to environmental management and regulation. Journal of Environmental Management, 279, Article 111773. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111773
Berscheid, E., Baron, R. S., Dermer, M., & Libman, M. (1973). Anticipating informed consent: an empirical approach. The American Psychologist, 28(10), 913–925. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0035597
Bourne, L. (2016). Stakeholder relationship management: A maturity model for organisational implementation. Taylor and Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315610573
Bourne, L., & Walker, D. H. T. (2005). Visualising and mapping stakeholder influence. Management Decision, 43(5), 649–660. https://doi.org/10.1108/00251740510597680
Brugha, R., & Varvasovszky, Z. (2000). Stakeholder analysis: A review. Health Policy Plan, 15(3), 239–246. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/15.3.239
Carlander, J., & Thollander, P. (2022). Drivers for implementation of energy-efficient technologies in building construction projects – Results from a Swedish case study. Resources, Environment and Sustainability, 10, Article 100078. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resenv.2022.100078
Celoza, A., de Oliveira, D. P., & Leite, F. (2023). Role of BIM contract practices in stakeholder BIM implementation on AEC projects. Journal of Legal Affairs and Dispute Resolution in Engineering and Construction, 15(2), Article 04523002. https://doi.org/10.1061/JLADAH.LADR-916
Chakaroun, K., Onofri, L., Orellana, E., Srinivasan, J., & Umarov, F. (2020). Doing business case studies. World Bank Group, Global Knowledge and Research Hub.
Chelladurai, U., & Pandian, S. (2022). A novel blockchain based electronic health record automation system for healthcare. Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing, 13(1), 693–703. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12652-021-03163-3
Chinowsky, P., & Taylor, J. E. (2012). Networks in engineering: anemerging approach to project organization studies. Engineering Project Organization Journal, 2(1–2), 15–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/21573727.2011.635647
Chinowsky, P., Diekmann, J., & Galotti, V. (2008). Social network model of construction. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 134(10), 804–812. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9364(2008)134:10(804)
Chognard, S., Dubois, A., Benmansour, Y., Torri, E., & Domer, B. (2018). Digital construction permit: A round trip between GIS and IFC. In I. Smith, & B. Domer (Eds.), Lecture notes in computer science: Vol. 10864. Advanced computing strategies for engineering. EG-ICE 2018 (pp. 287–306). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91638-5_16
D’Angelo, L., Hajdukiewicz, M., Seri, F., & Keane, M. M. (2022). A novel BIM-based process workflow for building retrofit. Journal of Building Engineering, 50, Article 104163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2022.104163
Demirciefe, A. (2009). Delays in issuing of building permit and occupancy permit: An analysis of causes and duration. http://openaccess.iyte.edu.tr/xmlui/handle/11147/3800
Duong, L., & Amborski, D. (2017). Modernizing building approvals in Ontario: Catching up with advanced jurisdictions. https://www.torontomu.ca/content/dam/centre-urban-research-land-development/pdfs/RESCON/CUR_RESCON_Modernizing%20Building%20Approvals%20in%20Ontario%20Report_2017.07.05.pdf
Eskerod, P., Huemann, M., & Ringhofer, C. (2016). Stakeholder inclusiveness: Enriching project management with general stakeholder theory. Project Management Journal, 46(6), 42–53. https://doi.org/10.1002/pmj.21546
Fluxicon. (2018). Discover your processes. http://fluxicon.com/disco/
Freudenreich, B., Lüdeke-Freund, F., & Schaltegger, S. (2020). A stakeholder theory perspective on business models: Value creation for sustainability. Journal of Business Ethics, 166(1), 3–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-019-04112-z
Gete, P. (2014). Dealing with construction permits, interest rate shocks and macroeconomic dynamics. In Proceedings from Doing Business (DB) Conference.
Golbeck, J. (2013). Closeness centrality social network analysis: Measuring, mapping, and modeling collections of connections.
Golias, E., Zapris, A. G., Kytinou, V. K., Osman, M., Koumtzis, M., Siapera, D., Chalioris, C. E., & Karayannis, C. G. (2021). Application of x-shaped cfrp ropes for structural upgrading of reinforced concrete beam–column joints under cyclic loading–experimental study. Fibers, 9(7), Article 42. https://doi.org/10.3390/fib9070042
Govada, S. S., Lau, H., & Kotala, S. (2022). Towards a smart megacity: Hong Kong and Shenzhen. In T. M. Vinod Kumar (Ed.), Smart global megacities. Advances in 21st Century human settlements (pp. 317–380). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2019-5_8
Grimble, R., & Wellard, K. (1997). Stakeholder methodologies in natural resource management: A review of principles, contexts, experiences and opportunities. Agricultural Systems, 55(2), 173–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-521X(97)00006-1
Guan, C., Dong, D., Shen, F., Gao, X., & Chen, L. (2022). Hierarchical structure model of safety risk factors in new coastal towns: A systematic analysis using the DEMATEL-ISM-SNA method. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(17), Article 10496. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710496
Guler, D., & Yomralioglu, T. (2021). A reformative framework for processes from building permit issuing to property ownership in Turkey. Land Use Policy, 101, Article 105115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.105115
Haarich, S. N. (2018). Building a new tool to evaluate networks and multi-stakeholder governance systems. Evaluation, 24(2), 202–219. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356389018765797
Hallward-Driemeier, M., & Pritchett, L. (2015). How business is done in the developing world: Deals versus rules. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 29(3), 121–140. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.29.3.121
Hamad, A. A. A., Petri, I., Rezgui, Y., & Kwan, A. (2017). Towards the innovation of an integrated ‘One-Stop-Shop’ online services utility management: Exploring customer’ technology acceptance. Sustainable Cities and Society, 34, 126–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2017.06.019
Hammah, N. K., & Ibrahim, R. (2014). Analyzing the effect of building permit issuance on the housing delivery system in Ghana. Alam Cipta, 7(1), 79–88. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2015.1060730
Holme, P. (2019). Rare and everywhere: Perspectives on scale-free networks. Nature Communications, 10(1), Article 1016. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-09038-8
Hoyer, W. D., Kroschke, M., Schmitt, B., Kraume, K., & Shankar, V. (2020). Transforming the customer experience through new technologies. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 51, 57–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intmar.2020.04.001
Hwang, K. E., & Kim, I. (2022). Post-COVID-19 modular building review on problem-seeking framework: Function, form, economy, and time. Journal of Computational Design and Engineering, 9(4), 1369–1387. https://doi.org/10.1093/jcde/qwac057
Ismail, I., Khan, A., Waris, M., Haron, H., & Simamora, B. H. (2021). Exploring the role of project governance and stakeholder management in public sector infrastructure projects. International Journal of Organizational Business Excellence, 2(1), Article 04020112. https://doi.org/10.21512/ijobex.v2i1.7141
Jovanović, T., Aristovnik, A., & Rogić Lugarić, T. (2016). A comparative analysis of building permits procedures in Slovenia and Croatia: Development of a simplification model. Theoretical and Empirical Researches in Urban Management, 11(2), 5–23.
Jussila, J., & Lähtinen, K. (2020). Effects of institutional practices on delays in construction–views of Finnish homebuilder families. Housing Studies, 35(7), 1167–1193. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673037.2019.1651831
Kas, M., Carley, K. M., & Carley, L. R. (2013). Incremental closeness centrality for dynamically changing social networks. In Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining (ASONAM) (pp. 1250–1258), Niagara Falls, ON, Canada. https://doi.org/10.1145/2492517.2500270
Kim, J., & Hastak, M. (2018). Social network analysis: Characteristics of online social networks after a disaster. International Journal of Information Management, 38(1), 86–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2017.08.003
Kourtellis, N., Alahakoon, T., Simha, R., Iamnitchi, A., & Tripathi, R. (2013). Identifying high betweenness centrality nodes in large social networks. Social Network Analysis and Mining, 3(4), 899–914. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13278-012-0076-6
Leavitt, H. J., & Bass, B. M. (1964). Organizational psychology. Annual Review of Psychology, 15(1), 371–398. https://doi.org/10.1146/ANNUREV.PS.15.020164.002103
Lee, H., Lee, J. K., Park, S., & Kim, I. (2016). Translating building legislation into a computer-executable format for evaluating building permit requirements. Automation in Construction, 71, 49–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2016.04.008
Lienert, J., Schnetzer, F., & Ingold, K. (2013). Stakeholder analysis combined with social network analysis provides fine-grained insights into water infrastructure planning processes. Journal of Environmental Management, 125, 134–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.03.052
Lionardo, A., Kurniawan, R., & Umanailo, M. C. B. (2020). An effectiveness model of service policy of building permit (IMB) based on a green spatial environment in Palembang City. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management (pp. 2588–2596), Dubai, UAE.
Liu, W., Sidhu, A., Beacom, A. M., & Valente, T. W. (2017). Social network theory. In The international encyclopedia of media effects. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118783764.wbieme0092
Lundberg, G. A., & Moreno, J. L. (1937). Who shall survive? A new approach to the problem of human interrelations. American Sociological Review, 2(4), 542–544. https://doi.org/10.2307/2084777
Majuri, P., Kumpula, A., & Vuorisalo, T. (2020). Geoenergy permit practices in Finnish municipalities – Challenges with good governance. Energy Strategy Reviews, 32, Article 100537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2020.100537
Mandi, N. B. R., Adnyana, I. B. P., & Gunapatniyatsunu, I. P. E. (2019). Factors affecting the success of the building permit licensing service in Denpasar City, Bali Province. International Journal of Technology, 10(1), 94–104. https://doi.org/10.14716/ijtech.v10i1.1543
Mapila, S. (2021). The costs andbenefits of interventions to increase compliance with the construction permits process in Malawi: Ensuring the benefits of urbanization. African Institute for Development Policy (AFIDEP).
Martin, N., Janssenswillen, G., Jouck, T., Swennen, M., Hosseinpour, M., & Masoumigoudarzi, F. (2015). An exploration and analysis of the building permit application process in five dutch municipalities. https://documentserver.uhasselt.be//handle/1942/19119
Meijer, F. (2005). Online building permit procedures in the Netherlands: A European perspective. In 4th Triennial International Conference “Rethinking and Revitalizing Construction Safety, Health, Environment and Quality” (pp. 122–134), Port Elizabeth, South Africa.
Meex, E., Hollberg, A., Knapen, E., Hildebrand, L., & Verbeeck, G. (2018). Requirements for applying LCA-based environmental impact assessment tools in the early stages of building design. Building and Environment, 133, 228–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.02.016
Miles, S. (2017). Stakeholder theory classification: A theoretical and empirical evaluation of definitions. Journal of Business Ethics, 142(3), 437–459. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2741-y
Ministry of Digital Economy and Entrepreneurship. (2021). Jordan digital transformation strategy 2021–2025. https://www.modee.gov.jo/EBV4.0/Root_Storage/EN/1/Jordan_Digital_Transformation_Strategy_2020_English_Unofficial_Translation.pdf
Mok, K. Y., Shen, G. Q., & Yang, J. (2015). Stakeholder management studies in mega construction projects: A review and future directions. International Journal of Project Management, 33(2), 446–457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2014.08.007
Mok, M. K. Y., & Shen, G. Q. (2016). A network-theory based model for stakeholder analysis in major construction projects. Procedia Engineering, 164, 292–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.11.622
Natsir, S., & Mangngasing, N. (2020). Implementation of the building permit policy in terms of communication and resources aspects in Palu city. International Journal Papier PublicReview, 1(2), 26–34. https://doi.org/10.47667/ijppr.v1i2.30
Nawari, N. O., & Alsaffar, A. (2017). The role of BIM in simplifying construction permits in Kuwait. In AEI 2017: Resilience of the Integrated Building – Proceedings of the Architectural Engineering National Conference 2017 (pp. 855–866). https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784480502.072
Newman, M. (2018). Networks (2 ed., Vol. 1). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805090.001.0001
Noardo, F., Ellul, C., Harrie, L., Overland, I., Shariat, M., Arroyo Ohori, K., & Stoter, J. (2020a). Opportunities and challenges for GeoBIM in Europe: Developing a building permits use-case to raise awareness and examine technical interoperability challenges. Journal of Spatial Science, 65(2), 209–233. https://doi.org/10.1080/14498596.2019.1627253
Noardo, F., Wu, T., Arroyo Ohori, K., Krijnen, T., Tezerdi, H., & Stoter, J. (2020b). Geobim for digital building permit process: Learning from a case study in Rotterdam. ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 6(4/W1), 151–158. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-VI-4-W1-2020-151-2020
Noardo, F., Guler, D., Fauth, J., Malacarne, G., Mastrolembo Ventura, S., Azenha, M., Olsson, P. O., & Senger, L. (2022). Unveiling the actual progress of Digital Building Permit: Getting awareness through a critical state of the art review. Building and Environment, 213, Article 108854. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.108854
Olander, S., & Landin, A. (2008). A comparative study of factors affecting the external stakeholder management process. Construction Management and Economics, 26(6), 553–561. https://doi.org/10.1080/01446190701821810
Olsson, P., Axelsson, J., Hooper, M., & Harrie, L. (2018). Automation of building permission by integration of BIM and geospatial data. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 7(8), Article 307. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi7080307
Ottoum, I. S. I. (2011). E-Government – The Jordanian experience.
Parand, F. A., Rahimi, H., & Gorzin, M. (2016). Combining fuzzy logic and eigenvector centrality measure in social network analysis. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications, 459, 24–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2016.03.079
Pedro, J. B., Meijer, F., & Visscher, H. (2011). Comparison of building permit procedures in European in European Union countries. In COBRA 2011 Proceedings of RICS Construction and Property Conference (415–436), University of Salford, UK.
Plazza, D., Röck, M., Malacarne, G., Passer, A., Marcher, C., & Matt, D. T. (2019). BIM for public authorities: Basic research for the standardized implementation of BIM in the building permit process. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 323(1), Article 012102. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/323/1/012102
Prell, C., Hesed, C. D. M., Johnson, K., Paolisso, M., Teodoro, J. D., & Van Dolah, E. (2021). Transdisciplinarity and shifting network boundaries: The challenges of studying an evolving stakeholder network in participatory settings. Field Methods, 33(4), 405–416. https://doi.org/10.1177/1525822X20983984
Radziszewska-Zielina, E., Śladowski, G., Kania, E., Sroka, B., & Szewczyk, B. (2019). Managing information flow in self-organising networks of communication between construction project participants. Archives of Civil Engineering, 65(2), 133–148. https://doi.org/10.2478/ace-2019-0024
Rakha, T., & Gorodetsky, A. (2018). Review of Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) applications in the built environment: Towards automated building inspection procedures using drones. Automation in Construction, 93, 252–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2018.05.002
Russell, N. C. (2007). Foundations of process-aware information systems [Phd thesis]. Queensland University of Technology.
Sacks, R., Brilakis, I., Pikas, E., Xie, H. S., & Girolami, M. (2020). Construction with digital twin information systems. Data-Centric Engineering, 1(6), Article e14. https://doi.org/10.1017/dce.2020.16
Safapour, E., Kermanshachi, S., & Kamalirad, S. (2020). Analysis of effective project-based communication components within primary stakeholders in construction industry. Built Environment Project and Asset Management, 11(2), 157–173. https://doi.org/10.1108/BEPAM-02-2020-0026
Sami Ur Rehman, M., Shafiq, M. T., & Afzal, M. (2022). Impact of COVID-19 on project performance in the UAE construction industry. Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology, 20(1), 245–266. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEDT-12-2020-0481
Shahi, K. (2018). Evaluation of current construction permitting process in City of Toronto and future of permitting in the global construction industry [MSc thesis]. University of Teronto. https://hdl.handle.net/1807/89527
Shahi, K., McCabe, B. Y., & Shahi, A. (2019). Framework for automated model-based e-permitting system for municipal jurisdictions. Journal of Management in Engineering, 35(6), Article 04019025. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)me.1943-5479.0000712
Shenhar, A. J., Dvir, D., Levy, O., & Maltz, A. C. (2001). Project success: A multidimensional strategic concept. Long Range Planning, 34(6), 699–725. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-6301(01)00097-8
Shibani, A., Hasan, D., Saaifan, J., Sabboubeh, H., Eltaip, M., Saidani, M., & Gherbal, N. (2022). Financial risk management in the construction projects. Journal of King Saud University – Engineering Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksues.2022.05.001
Srdić, A., & Šelih, J. (2015). Delays in construction projects: Causes and mitigation. Organization, Technology & Management in Construction: An International Journal, 7(3), 1383–1389. https://doi.org/10.5592/otmcj.2015.3.5
Tasantab, J. C. (2016). Building permit as a tool for development control: Evidence from Sekondi-Takoradi. Journal of Environment and Earth Science, 6(11), 149–159.
The World Bank Group. (2019). Doing business 2019. Training for reform. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1326-9
Ullah, K., Witt, E., & Lill, I. (2022). The BIM-based building permit process: Factors affecting adoption. Buildings, 12(1), Article 45. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12010045
Van Der Aalst, W. M. P., Reijers, H. A., & Song, M. (2005). Discovering social networks from event logs. Computer Supported Cooperative Work, 14(6), 549–593. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10606-005-9005-9
Vindrola-Padros, C., Chisnall, G., Cooper, S., Dowrick, A., Djellouli, N., Symmons, S. M., Martin, S., Singleton, G., Vanderslott, S., Vera, N., & Johnson, G. A. (2020). Carrying out rapid qualitative research during a pandemic: Emerging lessons from COVID-19. Qualitative Health Research, 30(14), 2192–2204. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732320951526
Weingarth, J., Hagenschulte, J., Schmidt, N., & Balser, M. (2019). Building a digitally enabled future: An insurance industry case study on digitalization. In N. Urbach, & M. Röglinger (Eds), Digitalization cases. Management for professionals (pp. 249–269). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95273-4_13
Whitelaw, S., Mamas, M. A., Topol, E., & Van Spall, H. G. C. (2020). Applications of digital technology in COVID-19 pandemic planning and response. The Lancet Digital Health, 2(8), e435–e440. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2589-7500(20)30142-4
Zhang, J., & Luo, Y. (2017). Degree centrality, betweenness centrality, and closeness centrality in social network. In Proceedings of the 2017 2nd International Conference on Modelling, Simulation and Applied Mathematics (MSAM2017) (pp. 300–303). Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/msam-17.2017.68