Effect of ionised (electrolysed) water on the rat embryo development
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects ionised water has on embryonic development using Wistar rat animal model. For that purpose, alkaline and acidic water was prepared with a domestic water ioniser. It was found that the concentrations of Cl–, SO42– ions increased in acidic water, while in alkaline water, Ca2+ concentration decreased and halogenated hydrocarbon concentrations exceeded permitted levels. The animals were given test alkaline and acidic water, as well as tap water as control. After three months, female rats were mated. On the 21st day of gestation, they were euthanized and subjected to Caesarean sections; the number of live and dead fetuses was recorded. The fetuses were examined for external or visceral malformations and skeletal abnormalities. The data showed that embryo death was higher in acidic and alkaline experimental groups in comparison to the control group. The fetuses in both test groups were significantly shorter than in the control group. Long bones of fetal hind and front limbs were shorter in the acidic group in comparison to the control group. Retardation of limb osteogenesis was expressed in the acidic group fetuses. Therefore, in our model, ionised water had a negative effect on the embryonic development.
Keyword : alkaline and acidic water, electrolysis, rat, embryonic development, water cleaning technologies
How to Cite
Stankevič, J., Audickaitė, A., Šilovė, S., Šimčikas, V., Cesiulis, H., Skujienė, G., Bukelskienė, V., Žalgevičienė, V., & Tutkuvienė, J. (2020). Effect of ionised (electrolysed) water on the rat embryo development. Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management, 28(1), 28-35. https://doi.org/10.3846/jeelm.2020.11831
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
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Fenton, C. J., Fenton, T. R., & Huang, T. (2017). Further evidence of no association between dietary acid load and disease. The Journal of Nutrition, 147(2), 272. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.116.242107
Flem, B., Reimann, C., Birke, M., Banks, D., & Filzmoser, P. (2015). Inorganic chemical quality of european tap-water: 2. Geographical distribution. Applied Geochemistry, 59, 211-224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2015.01.016
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Hayes, A. W. (1994). Principles and methods of toxicology. New York: Raven Press.
Hrudey, S. E., Backer, L. C., Humpage, A. R., Krasner, S. W., Michaud, D. S., Moore, L. E., Singer, P. C., & Stanford, B. D. (2015). Evaluating evidence for association of human bladder cancer with drinking-water chlorination disinfection byproducts. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 18, 213-241. https://doi.org/10.1080/10937404.2015.1067661
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Jensen, V. F. H., Molck, A.-M., Berthelsen, L. O., Andersen, L., Demozay, D., Renaut R., & Bogh, I. (2017). Gestational hypoglycaemia restricts foetal growth and skeletal ossification in the rat. Journal of Pregnancy and Child Health, 4, 1-11.
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Laucevičius, T. (2009). Jonizuotas vanduo. Gyvenimas be ligų. [Ionised water. Life without diseases]. Kaunas: Obuolys (Lithuania).
Legay, C., Rodriguez, M. J., Sadiq, R., Sérodes, J. B., Levallois, P., & Proulx, F. (2011). Spatial variations of human health risk associated with exposure to chlorination by-products occurring in drinking water. Journal of Environmental Management, 92, 892-901. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.10.056
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Merne, M. E., Syrjanen, K. J., & Syrjanen, S. M. (2001). Systemic and local effects of long-term exposure to alkaline drinking water in rats. International Journal of Experimental Pathology, 82, 213-219. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2613.2001.iep188.x
Mills, C. J., Bull, R. J., Cantor, K. P., Reif, J., Hrudey, S. E., & Huston, P. (1998). Workshop report. Health risks of drinking water chlorination by-products: report of an expert working group. Chronic Diseases in Canada, 19, 91-102.
Mousa, H. A. (2016). Health effects of alkaline diet and water, reduction of digestive-tract bacterial load, and earthing. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, 22, 24-33.
Ornoy, A., Rand, S. B., & Bischitz, N. (2010). Hyperglycemia and hypoxia are interrelated in their teratogenic mechanism: studies on cultured rat embryos. Birth Defects Research. Part B, Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology, 89, 106-115. https://doi.org/10.1002/bdrb.20230
Osman, K. T. (2018). Management of soil problems. Cham: Springer International Publishing AG. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75527-4
Rashid, M. M., Al Mesfer, M. K., Naseem, H., & Danish, M. (2015). Hydrogen production by water electrolysis: a review of alkaline water electrolysis, PEM water electrolysis and high temperature water electrolysis. International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology, 4, 80-93.
Rauch, F., & Schoenau, E. (2001). The developing bone: slave or master of its cells and molecules? Pediatric Research, 50, 309-314. https://doi.org/10.1203/00006450-200109000-00003
Santos, B. A. F., Serenario, M. E. D., Pinto, D. L. M. F., Simoes, T. A., Malafaia, A. M. S., & Bueno, A. H. S. (2019). Evaluation of micro-crack incidence and their influence on the corrosion resistance of steel coated with different chromium thicknesses. Revista Virtual de Quimica, 11, 264-274. https://doi.org/10.21577/1984-6835.20190019
Shirahata, S., Kabayama, S., Nakano, M., Miura, T., Kusumoto, K., Gotoh, M., Hayashi, H., Otsubo, K., Morisawa, S., & Katakura, Y. (1997). Electrolysed–reduced water scavenges active oxygen species and protects DNA from oxidative damage. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 234, 269-274. https://doi.org/10.1006/bbrc.1997.6622
Shirahata, S., Hamasaki, T., & Teruya, K. (2012). Advanced research on the health benefit of reduced water. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 23, 124-131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2011.10.009
Sun, J. L., Zhang, S. K., Chen, J. Y., & Han, B. Z. (2012). Efficacy of acidic and basic electrolysed water in eradicating Staphylococcus aureus biofilm. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 58, 448-454. https://doi.org/10.1139/w2012-005
Villanueva, C. M., Cordier, S., Font-Ribera, L., Salas, L. A., & Levallois, P. (2015). Overview of disinfection by-products and associated health effects. Current Environmental Health Reports, 2, 107-115. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40572-014-0032-x
Vilniaus vandenys. (2016). Water quality. Retrieved from https://www.vv.lt/en/quality/#
Volker, J., & Borchardt, D. (2019). Drinking water quality at risk: a European perspective. In M. Schroter, A. Bonn, S. Klotz, R. Seppelt, & Baessler, C. (Eds.), Atlas of ecosystem services. Drivers, risks, and societal responses. Cham: Springer International Publishing AG.
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