Optimal germination methods, ornamental plant features, and ex situ conservation of endemic Campanula grandis Fisch & C.A. Mey
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the ornamental utilization, two-year growth performance in natural habitat and cultural conditions, generative production methods, and morphologic and phenologic plant properties of Campanula grandis, which is an endemic species demonstrating ornamental plant potential and needs ex-situ conservation and cultivation. In addition, the germination and growth performance of seeds collected in the new season was compared with seeds that were kept for one year. Seeds stored dry for 3 months at 4 °C and then treated with 200 ppm GA3 exhibited the highest germination percentage (76%). Furthermore, GA3 treated seeds had best germination speed, shortening the germination time. This study also identified the ideal temperature for germination as 20 °C for the best germination rate. It was revealed that the number of flowers on the plant in natural habitat was 48 while in cultural conditions it was found as 165 flowers in biennial plants. The seedlings were planted in an ex-situ collection garden established for placing the Campanula grandis species under conservation. The Campanula grandis species has the potential for use as an ornamental plant for landscaping applications due to its lengthy flowering period, vigorous second-year stem growth, and numerous, enormous, flamboyant, blue-purple, and bell-shaped flowers.
Keyword : Campanula grandis, endemic plant, floriculture, native plant, ornamental plant, seed germination
How to Cite
Yücel, G., & Erken, K. (2023). Optimal germination methods, ornamental plant features, and ex situ conservation of endemic Campanula grandis Fisch & C.A. Mey. Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management, 31(2), 132–141. https://doi.org/10.3846/jeelm.2023.19018
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Ægisdóttir, H. H., Jespersen, D., Kuss, P., & Stöcklin, J. (2007). No inbreeding depression in an outcrossing alpine species: The breeding system of Campanula thyrsoides. Flora - Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants, 202(3), 218–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2006.06.003
Alçıtepe, E. A. (2016). Morphological and anatomical study on endemic Campanula davisii Turrill (Campanulaceae) in Turkey. Journal of Forestry Faculty Kastamonu Univercity, 16(1), 27–33. https://doi.org/10.17475/kujff.88013
Baskin, C. C., & Baskin, J. M. (2020). Breaking seed dormancy during dry storage: A useful tool or major problem for successful restoration via direct seedling? Plants, 9(5), 636. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9050636
Baskin, J. M., & Baskin, C. C. (1984). The ecological life cycle of Campanula americana in northcentral Kentucky. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, 111(3), 329–337. https://doi.org/10.2307/2995914
Bevenuti, S., Malandrin, V., & Pardossi, A. (2016). Germination ecology of wild living walls for sustainable vertical garden in urban environment. Scientia Horticulturae, 203, 185–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2016.03.031
Blionis, G. J., & Vokou, D. (2005). Reproductive attributes of Campanula populations from Mt Olympos, Greece. Plant Ecology, 178, 77–88. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-004-2495-6
Bosma, T., & Dole, J. M. (2002). Postharvest handling of cut Campanula medium flowers. Hortscience, 37(6), 954–958. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.37.6.954
Bretzel, F., Pezzarossa, B., Benvenuti, S., Bravi, A., & Malorgio, F. (2009). Soil influence on the performance of 26 native herbaceous plants suitable for sustainable Mediterranean landscaping. Acta Oecologica, 35(5), 657–663. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actao.2009.06.008
Çelik, A., & Eker, İ. (2020). Flora of Çaltepe and Çeletepe (Bolu). Communications Faculty of Sciences, University of Ankara Series C: Biology, 29(1), 1–49. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/communc/issue/51836/619430
Clausen, G. (1975). Sortsforsøg med Campanula 1970-74 [Trials with cultivars of Campanula 1970-74]. In Statens Forsøgsvirksomhed i Plantekultur Statens Væksthusforsøg, Virum (V. Aa. Hallig) (pp. 443–461). https://dcapub.au.dk/pub/planteavl_80_443.pdf
Clausen, G. (1976). Stauder til afskæring undersøgelse af blomsterproduktion og holdbarhed [Flower production and keeping quality of perennials]. In Statens Forsøgsvirksomhed i Plantekultur Statens Væksthusforsøg (V. Aa. Hallig) (pp. 621–641). https://dcapub.au.dk/pub/planteavl_80_621.pdf
Doğan, H. (2022). Campanula grandis (Öküz çıngırağı). Kocaeli Bitkileri. https://kocaelibitkileri.com/campanula-grandis/
Eser, B., Saygılı, H., Gökçöl, A., & İlker, E. (2005). Seed science and technology (Publication No. 3, Vol. 1, pp. 507–513; Vol. 2, pp. 605–608, pp. 679–682, pp. 761–762). Ege Unıversıty Application and Research Center of Seed Technology, Izmir, Turkey.
Frattaroli, A. R., Di Martino, L., Di Cecco, V., Catoni, R., Varone, L., Di Santo, M., & Gratani, L. (2013). Seed germination capability of four endemic species in the Central Apennines (Italy): Relationships with seed size. Lazaroa, 34, 43–53. https://doi.org/10.5209/rev_LAZA.2013.v34.n1.42253
Galloway, L. F. (2001). The effect of maternal and paternal environments on seed characters in the herbaceous plant Campanula americana (Campanulaceae). American Journal of Botany, 88(5), 832–840. https://doi.org/10.2307/2657035
Galié, M., Gasparri, R., Biondi, E., Perta, R. M., Biscotti, N., Pesaresi, S., & Casavecchia, S. (2019). Reproductive traits of three species endemic to the Puglia region (south-eastern Italy). Plant Sociology, 56(1), 9–18.
Gülbağ, F. (2017). Campanula zengini Türkiye. Plant Peyzaj ve Süs Bitkiciliği Dergisi, 22, 178–184.
Gülbağ, F. (2016). Cultıvatıng some Campanula L. specıes and determınatıon of ornamental plant characterıstıcs [PhD thesis, Ege University Graduate School of Natural and Applied Science]. Izmir, Turkey.
Gülbağ, F., & Özzambak, M. E. (2017). Effect of light, temperature, and different pre-treatments on seed germination of Campanula glomerata L. subsp. hispida (Witasek) Hayek (Campanulaceae). Propagation of Ornamental Plants, 17(4), 120–125.
Gülbağ, F., & Özzambak, M. E. (2018). Effects of different sowing times and gibberellic acid on emergence characteristics of Campanula glomerata L. subsp. hispida (Witasek) Hayek. seeds. Bahçe, 47(2), 39–44.
Güvensen, A. (2013). Campanula tomentosa Lam. ve C. vardariana Bocquet’nın Koruma Biyolojisi ve Genetik Çeşitliliği [Projesi sonuç Raporu, sayfa sayısı: 106, Proje No: 112T598]. TÜBİTAK TBAG.
Hay, F. R., & Probert, R. J. (2013). Advances in seed conservation of wild plant species: A review of recent research. Conservation Physiology, 1(1), cot030. https://doi.org/10.1093/conphys/cot030
International Seed Testing Association. (2013). International rules for seed testing. Bassersdorf.
Kadis, C., & Georghiou, K. (2010). Seed dispersal and germination behavior of three threatened endemic labiates of Cyprus. Plant Species Biology, 25(1), 77–84. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-1984.2009.00265.x
Khansari, E., Zarre, S., Alizadeh, K., Attar, F., Aghabeigi, F., & Salmaki, Y. (2012). Pollen morphology of Campanula (Campanulaceae) and allied genera in Iran with special focus on its systematic implication. Flora (Jena), 207(3), 203–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2012.01.006
Kırmızı, S., Arslan, H., & Güleryüz, G. (2019, October 9–11). The effects of cold stratification treatments on the germination of endemic Muscari bourgaei seeds. In M. Zencirkıran (Ed.), International Ornamental Plants Congress (pp. 46–50), Bursa, Turkey.
Kırmızı, S., Güleryüz, G., & Arslan, H. (2011). Germination responses to GA3 and short-time chilling of three endemic species: Tripleurospermum pichleri, Cirsium leucopsis and Senecio olympicus (Asteraceae). Plant Species Biology, 26(1), 51–57. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-1984.2010.00302.x
Kobakhidze, L., & Barblishvili, T. (2017). Study of reproduction capacity and ex situ conservation of Campanula armazica Charadze (Campanulaceae). Bulletin of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences, 11(3), 119–125.
Koutsovoulou, K., Daws, M. I., & Thanos, C. A. (2014). Campanulaceae: A family with small seeds that require light for germination. Annals of Botany, 113(1), 135–143. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mct250
León-Lobos, P., Bustamente-Sánchez, M. A., Nelson, C. R., Alarcón, D., Hasbún, R., Way, M., Pritchard, H. W., & Armesto, J. J. (2020). Lack of adequate seed supply is a major bottleneck for effective ecosystem restoration in Chile: Friendly amendment to Bannister et al. (2018). Restoration Ecology, 28(2), 277–281. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.13113
Liveri, E., Crowl, A. A., & Cellinese, N. (2019). Past, present, and future of Campanula (Campanulaceae) systematics–a review. Botanika Chronika, 22, 209–222.
Mehrvarz, S. S., & Kashi, S. (2015). Seed coat morphology of some species of the genus Campanula (Campanulaceae) in Iran. Wulfenia, 22, 225–233.
Meteorology General Directorate. (2021). https://www.mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?m=Yalova
Pérez, H. E., & Chumana, L. A. O. (2020). Enhancing conservation of a globally imperiled rockland herb (Linum arenicola) through assessments of seed functional traits and multi-dimensional germination niche breadths. Plants, 9(11), 1493. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9111493
Pizza, R., Espeland, E., & Etterson, J. (2021). Eight generations of native seed cultivation reduces plant fitness relative to the wild progenitor population. Evolutionary Applications, 14, 1816–1829. https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.13243
Shetler, S. G., & Morin, N. (1986). Seed morphology in North American Campanulaceae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 73(4), 653–688. https://doi.org/10.2307/2399199
Steiner, L. M. (2005). Landscaping with native plants of Minnesota (2nd ed.). Voyageur Press.
Subaşı, Ü., & Güvensen, A. (2014). Seed germination studies on chasmophyte endemic Campanula tomentosa and Campanula vardariana. Biological Diversity and Conservation, 7(2), 129–135.
Subaşı, Ü., Şenol, S. G., Eroğlu, V., Güvensen, A., & Seçmen, Ö. (2012, April 23–27). Seed germination and conservation of rare endemic Campanula teucrioides boiss Campanulaceae. In Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on the Biology of Rare and Endemic Plant Species (BIORARE) (p. 54, p. 62), Fethiye, Muğla, Türkiye.
Tikhonova, V. L., Victorov, V. P., Makeyeva, I. Y., & Yasina, S. G. (1991). Storage temperatures on the laboratory germination ability of weld herbaceous plant seeds. Seeds of Campanula L. (Bluebell) Problems of Cryobiology, 1, 42–48.
Tunçkol, B., Aksoy, N., & Haşayacak, H. (2020). Classification of endemic plants and priority conservation areas in Küre Mountains National Park (Kastamonu Section). Journal of Forestry, 16(2), 148–160. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/duzceod/issue/59040/830604
Yaman, B., Kaya, Z., Tunçkol, B., & Özel, H. B. (2020). The endemic plants in Bartin (Turkey), and their conservation status. Biologıca Nyssana, 11(1).
Yıldırım, H., & Şenol, S. G. (2014). Campanula alisan-kilincii (Campanulaceae), a new species from eastern Anatolia, Turkey. Turkish Journal of Botany, 38, 22–30. https://doi.org/10.3906/bot-1302-17
Alçıtepe, E. A. (2016). Morphological and anatomical study on endemic Campanula davisii Turrill (Campanulaceae) in Turkey. Journal of Forestry Faculty Kastamonu Univercity, 16(1), 27–33. https://doi.org/10.17475/kujff.88013
Baskin, C. C., & Baskin, J. M. (2020). Breaking seed dormancy during dry storage: A useful tool or major problem for successful restoration via direct seedling? Plants, 9(5), 636. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9050636
Baskin, J. M., & Baskin, C. C. (1984). The ecological life cycle of Campanula americana in northcentral Kentucky. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, 111(3), 329–337. https://doi.org/10.2307/2995914
Bevenuti, S., Malandrin, V., & Pardossi, A. (2016). Germination ecology of wild living walls for sustainable vertical garden in urban environment. Scientia Horticulturae, 203, 185–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2016.03.031
Blionis, G. J., & Vokou, D. (2005). Reproductive attributes of Campanula populations from Mt Olympos, Greece. Plant Ecology, 178, 77–88. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-004-2495-6
Bosma, T., & Dole, J. M. (2002). Postharvest handling of cut Campanula medium flowers. Hortscience, 37(6), 954–958. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.37.6.954
Bretzel, F., Pezzarossa, B., Benvenuti, S., Bravi, A., & Malorgio, F. (2009). Soil influence on the performance of 26 native herbaceous plants suitable for sustainable Mediterranean landscaping. Acta Oecologica, 35(5), 657–663. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actao.2009.06.008
Çelik, A., & Eker, İ. (2020). Flora of Çaltepe and Çeletepe (Bolu). Communications Faculty of Sciences, University of Ankara Series C: Biology, 29(1), 1–49. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/communc/issue/51836/619430
Clausen, G. (1975). Sortsforsøg med Campanula 1970-74 [Trials with cultivars of Campanula 1970-74]. In Statens Forsøgsvirksomhed i Plantekultur Statens Væksthusforsøg, Virum (V. Aa. Hallig) (pp. 443–461). https://dcapub.au.dk/pub/planteavl_80_443.pdf
Clausen, G. (1976). Stauder til afskæring undersøgelse af blomsterproduktion og holdbarhed [Flower production and keeping quality of perennials]. In Statens Forsøgsvirksomhed i Plantekultur Statens Væksthusforsøg (V. Aa. Hallig) (pp. 621–641). https://dcapub.au.dk/pub/planteavl_80_621.pdf
Doğan, H. (2022). Campanula grandis (Öküz çıngırağı). Kocaeli Bitkileri. https://kocaelibitkileri.com/campanula-grandis/
Eser, B., Saygılı, H., Gökçöl, A., & İlker, E. (2005). Seed science and technology (Publication No. 3, Vol. 1, pp. 507–513; Vol. 2, pp. 605–608, pp. 679–682, pp. 761–762). Ege Unıversıty Application and Research Center of Seed Technology, Izmir, Turkey.
Frattaroli, A. R., Di Martino, L., Di Cecco, V., Catoni, R., Varone, L., Di Santo, M., & Gratani, L. (2013). Seed germination capability of four endemic species in the Central Apennines (Italy): Relationships with seed size. Lazaroa, 34, 43–53. https://doi.org/10.5209/rev_LAZA.2013.v34.n1.42253
Galloway, L. F. (2001). The effect of maternal and paternal environments on seed characters in the herbaceous plant Campanula americana (Campanulaceae). American Journal of Botany, 88(5), 832–840. https://doi.org/10.2307/2657035
Galié, M., Gasparri, R., Biondi, E., Perta, R. M., Biscotti, N., Pesaresi, S., & Casavecchia, S. (2019). Reproductive traits of three species endemic to the Puglia region (south-eastern Italy). Plant Sociology, 56(1), 9–18.
Gülbağ, F. (2017). Campanula zengini Türkiye. Plant Peyzaj ve Süs Bitkiciliği Dergisi, 22, 178–184.
Gülbağ, F. (2016). Cultıvatıng some Campanula L. specıes and determınatıon of ornamental plant characterıstıcs [PhD thesis, Ege University Graduate School of Natural and Applied Science]. Izmir, Turkey.
Gülbağ, F., & Özzambak, M. E. (2017). Effect of light, temperature, and different pre-treatments on seed germination of Campanula glomerata L. subsp. hispida (Witasek) Hayek (Campanulaceae). Propagation of Ornamental Plants, 17(4), 120–125.
Gülbağ, F., & Özzambak, M. E. (2018). Effects of different sowing times and gibberellic acid on emergence characteristics of Campanula glomerata L. subsp. hispida (Witasek) Hayek. seeds. Bahçe, 47(2), 39–44.
Güvensen, A. (2013). Campanula tomentosa Lam. ve C. vardariana Bocquet’nın Koruma Biyolojisi ve Genetik Çeşitliliği [Projesi sonuç Raporu, sayfa sayısı: 106, Proje No: 112T598]. TÜBİTAK TBAG.
Hay, F. R., & Probert, R. J. (2013). Advances in seed conservation of wild plant species: A review of recent research. Conservation Physiology, 1(1), cot030. https://doi.org/10.1093/conphys/cot030
International Seed Testing Association. (2013). International rules for seed testing. Bassersdorf.
Kadis, C., & Georghiou, K. (2010). Seed dispersal and germination behavior of three threatened endemic labiates of Cyprus. Plant Species Biology, 25(1), 77–84. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-1984.2009.00265.x
Khansari, E., Zarre, S., Alizadeh, K., Attar, F., Aghabeigi, F., & Salmaki, Y. (2012). Pollen morphology of Campanula (Campanulaceae) and allied genera in Iran with special focus on its systematic implication. Flora (Jena), 207(3), 203–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2012.01.006
Kırmızı, S., Arslan, H., & Güleryüz, G. (2019, October 9–11). The effects of cold stratification treatments on the germination of endemic Muscari bourgaei seeds. In M. Zencirkıran (Ed.), International Ornamental Plants Congress (pp. 46–50), Bursa, Turkey.
Kırmızı, S., Güleryüz, G., & Arslan, H. (2011). Germination responses to GA3 and short-time chilling of three endemic species: Tripleurospermum pichleri, Cirsium leucopsis and Senecio olympicus (Asteraceae). Plant Species Biology, 26(1), 51–57. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-1984.2010.00302.x
Kobakhidze, L., & Barblishvili, T. (2017). Study of reproduction capacity and ex situ conservation of Campanula armazica Charadze (Campanulaceae). Bulletin of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences, 11(3), 119–125.
Koutsovoulou, K., Daws, M. I., & Thanos, C. A. (2014). Campanulaceae: A family with small seeds that require light for germination. Annals of Botany, 113(1), 135–143. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mct250
León-Lobos, P., Bustamente-Sánchez, M. A., Nelson, C. R., Alarcón, D., Hasbún, R., Way, M., Pritchard, H. W., & Armesto, J. J. (2020). Lack of adequate seed supply is a major bottleneck for effective ecosystem restoration in Chile: Friendly amendment to Bannister et al. (2018). Restoration Ecology, 28(2), 277–281. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.13113
Liveri, E., Crowl, A. A., & Cellinese, N. (2019). Past, present, and future of Campanula (Campanulaceae) systematics–a review. Botanika Chronika, 22, 209–222.
Mehrvarz, S. S., & Kashi, S. (2015). Seed coat morphology of some species of the genus Campanula (Campanulaceae) in Iran. Wulfenia, 22, 225–233.
Meteorology General Directorate. (2021). https://www.mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?m=Yalova
Pérez, H. E., & Chumana, L. A. O. (2020). Enhancing conservation of a globally imperiled rockland herb (Linum arenicola) through assessments of seed functional traits and multi-dimensional germination niche breadths. Plants, 9(11), 1493. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9111493
Pizza, R., Espeland, E., & Etterson, J. (2021). Eight generations of native seed cultivation reduces plant fitness relative to the wild progenitor population. Evolutionary Applications, 14, 1816–1829. https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.13243
Shetler, S. G., & Morin, N. (1986). Seed morphology in North American Campanulaceae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 73(4), 653–688. https://doi.org/10.2307/2399199
Steiner, L. M. (2005). Landscaping with native plants of Minnesota (2nd ed.). Voyageur Press.
Subaşı, Ü., & Güvensen, A. (2014). Seed germination studies on chasmophyte endemic Campanula tomentosa and Campanula vardariana. Biological Diversity and Conservation, 7(2), 129–135.
Subaşı, Ü., Şenol, S. G., Eroğlu, V., Güvensen, A., & Seçmen, Ö. (2012, April 23–27). Seed germination and conservation of rare endemic Campanula teucrioides boiss Campanulaceae. In Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on the Biology of Rare and Endemic Plant Species (BIORARE) (p. 54, p. 62), Fethiye, Muğla, Türkiye.
Tikhonova, V. L., Victorov, V. P., Makeyeva, I. Y., & Yasina, S. G. (1991). Storage temperatures on the laboratory germination ability of weld herbaceous plant seeds. Seeds of Campanula L. (Bluebell) Problems of Cryobiology, 1, 42–48.
Tunçkol, B., Aksoy, N., & Haşayacak, H. (2020). Classification of endemic plants and priority conservation areas in Küre Mountains National Park (Kastamonu Section). Journal of Forestry, 16(2), 148–160. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/duzceod/issue/59040/830604
Yaman, B., Kaya, Z., Tunçkol, B., & Özel, H. B. (2020). The endemic plants in Bartin (Turkey), and their conservation status. Biologıca Nyssana, 11(1).
Yıldırım, H., & Şenol, S. G. (2014). Campanula alisan-kilincii (Campanulaceae), a new species from eastern Anatolia, Turkey. Turkish Journal of Botany, 38, 22–30. https://doi.org/10.3906/bot-1302-17